This article examines systemic constitutional challenges arising from the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) into the political sphere. It argues that AI is reshaping democratic institutions by generating risks of substituting public deliberation with opaque algorithmic processes, fostering algorithmic discrimination, enabling information micro-manipulation, and concentrating power in the hands of technology holders. Particular attention is devoted to the threat posed to the socio-humanistic paradigm in the context of a normative choice between classical humanism and transhumanism. As a response to these challenges, the article proposes a framework of eight legal principles for AI regulation, including state-level strategic governance, the  “human-in-the-loop” principle, anthropological primacy, digital equality, and managed transparency. Within the electoral context, the analysis highlights specific risks such as microtargeting, “dark advertising,” deepfakes, and automated bots, which undermine electoral integrity and facilitate manipulation of voters’ will. The article concludes that ensuring the sovereignty and legitimacy of political institutions in the digital age requires the development of national AI models and robust legal regulation, including mandatory algorithmic audits and the prohibition of manipulative technologies.

The article argues the need for a political economy of law approach as a first fundamental step in understanding of BRICS+ as a global institution. Countries in the BRICS + area display a tremendous amount of legal variation that has to be understood in its own terms outside of the judgmental mentality that has characterized Western Comparative Law. Only through such systematic effort of fundamental knowledge, it will be possible to facilitate the development of and institutional setting based on principles of cooperation, respect and mutual recognition. A list of some basic research and methodological questions, the first published description of the Chinese-Russian-Italian TOLZUMO project and a call for scholarly mobilization and participation in this dramatic phase of change in global hegemony complete the article.

The article examines the process of harmonizing legal norms in the field of robotics, which is a key factor in enhancing technological cooperation between BRICS countries. Through a comparative analysis of national legislations, significant differences in approaches to regulating robotic systems and artificial intelligence were identified. The study substantiates the necessity of establishing a unified methodological framework for the legal regulation of robotics within the BRICS format. Proposed institutional mechanisms for harmonization include the formation of model legislation, the creation of specialized coordinating bodies, and the introduction of universal technical standards. It is argued that convergence of legal systems in robotics contributes to creating a unified technological space, facilitating technology transfer, and enhancing the competitiveness of BRICS countries in the global market for innovative solutions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is now playing a major part in changing creative and knowledge economies around the world. However, policies guiding this change are primarily still led by the Global North, which may result in policies being formulated without taking into account the Global South. The article proposes an inclusive governance framework aimed at preventing digital colonization and argues that the framework must lower market barriers for Southern innovators. The article suggests different measures based on recent regional experiences. These examples include India’s case against OpenAI and also the Text and Data Mining (TDM) strategies of Latin America and the governance initiatives in Africa. Key measures include making AI training data disclosures and consent, using community-based models that formally recognize collective and indigenous authorship and benefit sharing with creators in the Global South.

This article illustrates the nature and significance of information sovereignty in the expanding BRICS regions. The study adopts an approach that considers sovereignty as an integral system of political and legal relations, institutions, and values. Its main components include technological and ideological elements. In the context of growing global information challenges and threats, it is necessary to implement a targeted state policy to ensure information sovereignty for BRICS member states and their joint efforts to defend the interests of the global majority. To ensure information sovereignty, it is necessary to combine the tools of the so-called “information shield” and “information sword” in the information policy. BRICS serves as a communication platform that facilitates the effective exchange of best practices. As an expanded format, BRICS can make greater use of the advantages of “soft power,” which affirms the legitimacy of decisions by garnering the support of representatives of developing countries. BRICS has significant potential in the field of coordination and the formation of common principles and approaches to the implementation of information sovereignty. It also allows for the expansion of a common approach by involving developing countries in cooperation and extending the norms and rules of information sovereignty to the countries of the global majority.

This article examines three issues related to the use of artificial intelligence in legal education, based primarily on an analysis of the American experience. The first issue is how the use of artificial intelligence changes the assessment of law school students. I take the position that there is no need to get caught up in an  “arms race” between the programs used by students and those used by teachers, but rather that it is advisable to return to assessment based, as a rule, on written work in class and oral responses in class. I draw attention to the incorrect formalistic use of Turnitin in post-Soviet law schools and propose measures to remedy this situation. The second part covers the issue of AI law students’ use of AI in classroom discussions. The third part focuses on the experience of using video cameras in classrooms in US and EU. In this part of the article, I analyze the approaches used in American universities and high schools, since the experience of the latter can largely be applied to universities, except for the consent of students’ parents. I argue that the use of video cameras in law school classrooms should be significantly restricted. Since the legislation of post-Soviet countries does not currently regulate this issue, this gives law schools the opportunity to develop a balanced policy on the use of video cameras in classrooms, through a broad dialogue between the administration, faculty, students, and local representatives of civil society. Law schools should serve as an example for other departments at traditional universities, as only law schools within universities have the qualifications to develop these rules. Universities that are the first to develop and adopt such a sensible policy will gain significant image advantages over other law schools that do not.

The development of arbitration as a means of resolving legal conflicts inevitably gives rise to various systemic challenges. Legislators and law enforcement officers in different countries encounter difficulties in integrating arbitration into the system of civil jurisdiction due to national peculiarities and legal traditions. This article provides an analytical overview of the main problems in the field of arbitration in Russia, including the application of current legislation and doctrinal developments in this area. Special attention is paid to issues of cross-cutting, system-building significance, such as the organization and administration of arbitration in Russia, the arbitrability of disputes, arbitration agreements, compliance with due process requirements, as well as the introduction of digital technologies in arbitration. Based on the results of the analysis, potential solutions for addressing the topical issues in the field of Russian arbitration are proposed.

In the modern world, normative regulation is one of the key measures to improve the environmental crisis situation. At the international level, such regulation is carried out by both international organizations and interstate associations. This research examines the BRICS normative acts that were adopted between 2009 and 2025, as outcomes of this interstate association in the context of environmental aspects. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that the majority of current studies tend to focus only on certain environmental aspects of international treaties and national laws of the BRICS countries. This research, however, presents a concept of the BRICS normative space as a set of BRICS norms, which is further divided into official and unofficial subsets based on the status of the norm-makers. These norms are analyzed to assess their scope and coverage of environmental aspects. The main findings of the research indicate that the environmental aspects are covered in the norms of both subsets from different perspectives, including through the expression of opinions, intentions, recommendations, action plans, and calls. This research can contribute to a better understanding of the nature and structure of the BRICS environmental norms.

It is a well-established principle that the Indian Constitution protects not only the functioning of the country but also the environment for the welfare of its people who live there. The right to live in a clean, healthy environment is one of the most important and basic rights of every citizen. Increased pollution, a lack of plants and animals, and a high awareness of harmful chemicals in the air are all indicators that environmental problems are getting worse. Even though the Constitution does not explicitly enumerate this right, protecting the environment and preventing accidents that hurt the environment are recognized as rights through judicial interpretation. In many cases, big corporations are to blame for the worsening of environmental degradation; however, courts are often reluctant to punish such powerful companies. In the last few decades, the court system has evolved to help regular people obtain justice. This article discusses several landmark environmental decisions from the past and present to gain a better understanding of corporate social responsibility towards society and to evaluate the effectiveness of the Indian courts over the years. This study further situates Indian environmental jurisprudence within a broader BRICS framework by briefly comparing judicial approaches to environmental protection in countries such as China, Brazil, South Africa, and Russia and other countries that have recently joined the alliance, thereby strengthening the international and comparative dimension of the analysis.

This article focuses on specific federal strategic planning documents regulating the indigenous relations in the Russian Federation. The strategic planning is viewed as a governing and legal instrument which for several decades has been used in Russian to ensure a comprehensive and coordinated approach of the governmental agencies addressing socioeconomic and cultural indigenous issues. The analysis shows that the strategic planning documents have a complex legal structure and can be employed as informational and ideological instrument derived from existing legislation on indigenous peoples. They do not and should not contain regulatory prescriptions, but are intended to provide guidance for improving legal regulation and law enforcement.